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    <title>UTas ePrints - Syngenetic gold in western Victoria: occurrence, age and dimensions</title>
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    <meta content="Wood, B.L." name="eprints.creators_name" />
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<meta content="SEDEX gold, Victorian Goldfield, Bendigo, Ballarat, LA-ICPMS, Orogenic gold, pyrite chemistry, indicator beds" name="eprints.keywords" />
<meta content="In western Victoria, a widespread stratiform style of gold enrichment in Palaeozoic black mudstone and chert-clearly different from the classic mesothermal quartz vein deposits of the Victorian goldfields - has been confirmed by whole-rock geochemistry and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). This enrichment pre-dates compaction, deformation and low-grade metamorphism of the sedimentary host-rocks, and therefore possibly developed diagenetically during slow deposition of the thin carbonaceous black mudstone beds and the thinner layers of chert. These paired strata have been documented at many locations in three regional outcrop areas of chevronfolded
Cambrian and Lower Ordovician metasediments in the Stawell and Bendigo Zones, where they are interbedded with quartz-rich turbidites. The layers were named 'indicators' by the early miners, who found locally rich nuggety gold deposits at intersections between these layers and mesothermal quartz
veins. Gold is present in euhedral pyrite crystals in both black shale and chert. LA-ICPMS analysis of individual pyrite crystals in the indicator beds shows that pyrite is enriched in Au, As, Sb, Se, Te and Bi.
The Au content of pyrite varies from 0.03 to 2.69 ppm with a mean of 0.58 ppm and shows a positive correlation with As, which varies from 1000 to 6000 ppm. Many pyrite crystals show enrichment of gold in their cores and depletion in their rims, confirming the likely syngenetic or syndiagenetic accumulation of gold during pyrite formation in the sediments. Prior to regional metamorphism, folding and faulting, the many indicator strata in the outcrop areas were parts of an extensive marine sequence of Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician age. The former primary source of this mineralisation is considered to have been one or more contemporaneously exhalative submarine hydrothermal systems. Thus, the older Palaeozoic sediments of the western Lachlan Fold Belt were significantly enriched in syngenetic gold in the Early Palaeozoic, at least 40 million years before emplacement of the quartz -gold vein deposits of the goldfields." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2007" name="eprints.date" />
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<meta content="AREHART G. B., CHRYSSOULIS A. L. &amp; KESLER S. E. 1993. Gold and arsenic in iron sulfides from sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits: implications for depositional processes. Economic Geology 88, 171-185.
BARAGWANATH W. 1923. The Ballarat gold-field. Geological Survey of Victoria Memoir 14.
BARAGWANATH W. 1953. The Ballarat goldfield. In: Edwards A. B. ed. Geology of Australian Ore Deposits, Proceedings of the 5th Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress, Vol. 1, pp. 986-1002
Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne.
BIERLEIN F. P., ARNE D. C., BROOME J. M. N. &amp; RAMSAY W. R. H. 1998. Metatholeiites and interflow sediments from the Cambrian Heathcote greenstone belt, Australia: sources for gold mineralization in Victoria? Economic Geology 93, 84 -101.
BIERLEIN F. P., ARNE D. C., FOSTER D. A. &amp; REYNOLDS P. 2001a. A geochronological framework for orogenic gold in central Victoria, Australia. Mineralium Deposita 36, 741 -767.
BIERLEIN F. P., CARTWRIGHT I. &amp; MCKNIGHT S. 2001b. The role of carbonaceous 'Indicator' slates in the genesis of lode gold mineralization in the western Lachlan Orogen, Victoria, southeastern Australia. Economic Geology 96, 431 -451.
BIERLEIN F. P., FOSTER D. A., MCKNIGHT S. &amp; ARNE D. C. 1999. Timing of gold mineralisation in the Ballarat goldfields, central Victoria: constraints from 40Ar-39Ar results. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 46, 301-309.
BROWN K. L. 1989. Kinetics of gold precipitation from experimental hydrothermal sulfide solutions. Economic Geology Monograph 6,320-327.
CAYLEY R. A. &amp; TAYLOR D. H. 2001. Ararat 1:100 000 geological map report. Geological Survey of Victoria Report 115.
COJAN I.&amp;RENARD M. 2002. Sedimentology. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
COOPER R. A. 2004. Chapter 2, Cambrian. In: Cooper R. A. ed. The New Zealand Geological Timescale, pp. 37 -41. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Monograph 22.
COOPER R. A.&amp;SADLER P. M. 2004. Chapter 3, Ordovician. In: Cooper R.
A. ed. The New Zealand Geological Timescale, pp. 43-52. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Monograph 22.
CRAWFORD A. J. &amp; KEAYS R. R. 1978. Cambrian greenstone belts in Victoria: marginal sea-crust slices in the Lachlan Fold Belt of Southeastern Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 41, 197-208.
DANYUSHEVSKY L., ROBINSON P., MCGOLDRICK P., LARGE R. &amp;
GILBERT S. 2003. LA-ICPMS of sulphides: evaluation of an XRF
glass disc standard for analysis of different sulphide matrixes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67(18), A73.
EDWARDS J., MOORE D. H., LYNN S. &amp; BIBBY L. M. 2001. Wedderburn 1:100 000 map area geological report. Geological Survey of Victoria Report 122.
FLEET M. E., CHRYSSOULIS S. L., MACLEAN P. J., DAVIDSON R. &amp;
WEISNER C. G. 1993. Arsenian pyrite from gold deposits: Au and As distribution investigated by SIMS and EMP, and color
staining and surface oxidation by XPS and LIMS. Canadian
Mineralogist 31, 1 -17.
GAMMONS C. H. 1997. Thermochemical sulphate reduction: a key
step in the origin of sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits. In: Vikre P., Thompson T. T., Bettles K., Christensen O. &amp; Parratt R. eds. Carlin-type Gold Deposits Field Conference, pp. 141-146. Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series 28.
GRAY D. R. 1988. Structure and tectonics. In: Douglas J. G. &amp; Fergusson J. A. eds. Geology of Victoria, pp. 1-36. Geological Society of Australia, Victorian Division, Melbourne.
GRAY D. R., FOSTER D. A. &amp; BIERLEIN F. P. 2002. Geodynamics and metallogeny of the Lachlan Orogen. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, 1041-1056.
GRAY D. R. &amp; WILLMAN C. E. 1991. Thrust-related strain gradients and thrusting mechanisms in a chevron-folded sequence, southeastern Australia. Journal of Structural Geology 13, 691-710.
GREGORY J. W. 1907. The Ballarat East gold-field. Geological Survey of Victoria Memoir 4.
HANNINGTON M. D., HERZIG P. M. &amp; SCOTT S. D. 1991. Auriferous hydrothermal precipitates on the modern seafloor. In: Foster R. P. ed. Gold Metallogeny and Exploration, pp. 249-275. Blackie, Glasgow.
HANNINGTON M. D., JONASSON I. R., HERZIG P. M. &amp; PETERSEN S. 1995. Physical and chemical processes of seafloor mineralization at Mid-Ocean Ridges. In: Humphris S. E., Zierenberg R. A., Mullineaux L. &amp; Thomson R. eds. Physical, Chemical, Biological and Geological Interactions within Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems, pp. 115-157. American Geophysical Union Monograph 91.
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JUVONEN M. R., LAKOMAA T. M. &amp; KALLIO E. I. 2000. The nickel
sulphide fire assay procedure for different types of rocks in the determination of gold and the platinum group elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. 31st International Geological Congress Abstracts, Section 11.3.
KAUFMAN A. L. 2003. The volcano-sedimentary and structural
architecture of the Wildwood prospect, western Lachlan Orogen: a comparison with the Stawell gold deposit. Geological Society of Australia Abstracts 70 (unpaginated).
KUCHA H. 1982. Platinum group metals in the Zechstein copper
deposits, Poland. Economic Geology 77, 1578-1591.
MAPANI B. E. S. &amp; WILSON C. J. L. 1998. Evidence for externally derived vein forming and mineralising fluids: an example from the Magdala gold mine, Stawell, Victoria, Australia. Ore Geology Reviews 13, 323-343.
MILLER J. MCL., PHILLIPS D., WILSON C. J. L. &amp; DUGDALE L. J. 2005. Evolution of a reworked orogenic zone: the boundary between the Delamerian and Lachlan Fold Belts, southeastern Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, 921-940.
PATTERSON G. W. 1974. The geology and geochemistry of some
indicator Beds in the Bendigo – Ballarat sub-province, Victoria. Geological Survey of Victoria Report 12.
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Institute of Geoscientists Bulletin 24, 127-133.
RAMSAY W. R. H., BIERLEIN F. P., ARNE D. C. &amp; VANDENBERG A. H. M. 1998. A review of turbidite-hosted gold deposits, central Victoria: regional setting, styles of mineralisation and genetic constraints. Ore Geology Reviews 13, 131-151.
RAMSAY W. R. H. &amp; VANDENBERG A. H. M. 1986. Metallogeny and
tectonic development of the Tasman Fold Belt system in
Victoria. Ore Geology Reviews 1, 213-257.
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pp. 454-481. Geological Society of Australia, Victorian Division, Melbourne.
RAWLING J. T., SCHAUBS P. M., DUGDALE L. J., WILSON C. J. L. &amp; MURPHY F. C. 2006. Application of 3D models and numerical simulations as a predictive exploration tool in western Victoria. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, 825-839.
RICKARD T. A. 1900. The indicator vein, Ballarat, Australia. American Institute of Mining Engineers Transactions 30, 1004-1019.
SANDIFORD M. &amp; KEAYS R. R. 1986. Structural and tectonic
constraints on the origin of gold deposits in the Ballarat slate belt, Victoria. In: Keppie J. D., Boyle R. W. &amp; Haynes S. J. eds. Turbidite-hosted Gold Deposits, pp. 15 -24. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 32.
SHANK T. M., HAMMOND S., FORNARI D. J., WALLER R. G., DING K., SEYFRIED W., BUTTERFIELD D., LILLEY M. D. &amp; PERFIT M. 2002. Time-series exploration and biological, geological, and geochemical characterization of the Rosebud and Calyfield Hydrothermal Vent Fields at 868W and 89.58W on the Galapagos Rift. EOS 83(47), T11C-1257.
SQUIRE R. &amp; MILLER J. MCL. 2003. Synchronous compression and
extension in East Gondwana: tectonic controls on world class
gold deposits at 440 Ma. Geology 31, 1073-1076
SQUIRE R. J.,WILSON C. J. L., DUGDALE L. J., JUPP B. J. &amp; KAUFMAN A. L. 2006. Cambrian backarc-basin basalt related to evolution of a continent-dipping subduction zone. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, 707-719.
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TAYLOR D. H., CAYLEY R. A., VANDENBERG A. H. M. &amp; MORAND V. J. 2002. Discussion. Timing relationships between felsic magmatism and mineralisation in the central Victorian gold province, southeast Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, 587 -591.
VANDENBERG A. H. M., WILLMAN C. E., MAHER S., SIMONS B. A.,
CAYLEY R. A., TAYLOR D. H., MORAND V. J., MOORE D. H. &amp;
RADOJKOVIC A. 2000. The Tasman Fold Belt System in Victoria.
Geological Survey of Victoria Special Publication.
WATCHORN R. B. &amp;WILSON C. J. L. 1989. Structural setting of the gold mineralisation at Stawell, Victoria, Australia. Economic Geology Monograph 6, 292-309.
WHITELAW O. A. L. 1911. The Wedderburn gold-field. Geological Survey of Victoria Memoir 10.
WHITING R. G. &amp; BOWEN K. G. 1976. Gold. In: Douglas J. G. &amp;
Ferguson J. A. eds. Geology of Victoria, pp. 434-451. Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 5.
WOOD S. A. 1996. The role of humic substances in the transport and fixation of metals of economic interest (Au, Pt, Pd, U, V). Ore Geology Reviews 11, 1 -31." name="eprints.referencetext" />
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<meta content="In western Victoria, a widespread stratiform style of gold enrichment in Palaeozoic black mudstone and chert-clearly different from the classic mesothermal quartz vein deposits of the Victorian goldfields - has been confirmed by whole-rock geochemistry and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). This enrichment pre-dates compaction, deformation and low-grade metamorphism of the sedimentary host-rocks, and therefore possibly developed diagenetically during slow deposition of the thin carbonaceous black mudstone beds and the thinner layers of chert. These paired strata have been documented at many locations in three regional outcrop areas of chevronfolded
Cambrian and Lower Ordovician metasediments in the Stawell and Bendigo Zones, where they are interbedded with quartz-rich turbidites. The layers were named 'indicators' by the early miners, who found locally rich nuggety gold deposits at intersections between these layers and mesothermal quartz
veins. Gold is present in euhedral pyrite crystals in both black shale and chert. LA-ICPMS analysis of individual pyrite crystals in the indicator beds shows that pyrite is enriched in Au, As, Sb, Se, Te and Bi.
The Au content of pyrite varies from 0.03 to 2.69 ppm with a mean of 0.58 ppm and shows a positive correlation with As, which varies from 1000 to 6000 ppm. Many pyrite crystals show enrichment of gold in their cores and depletion in their rims, confirming the likely syngenetic or syndiagenetic accumulation of gold during pyrite formation in the sediments. Prior to regional metamorphism, folding and faulting, the many indicator strata in the outcrop areas were parts of an extensive marine sequence of Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician age. The former primary source of this mineralisation is considered to have been one or more contemporaneously exhalative submarine hydrothermal systems. Thus, the older Palaeozoic sediments of the western Lachlan Fold Belt were significantly enriched in syngenetic gold in the Early Palaeozoic, at least 40 million years before emplacement of the quartz -gold vein deposits of the goldfields." name="DC.description" />
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    <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Syngenetic gold in western Victoria: occurrence, age and dimensions</h1>
    <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Wood, B.L.</span> and <span class="person_name">Large, R.R.</span> (2007) <xhtml:em>Syngenetic gold in western Victoria: occurrence, age and dimensions.</xhtml:em> Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 54 (5). pp. 711-732. ISSN 0812-0099</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1302/1/Wood%2C_Large_2007.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1302/1/Wood%2C_Large_2007.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />3230Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="1699" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120090701305244">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120090701305244</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">In western Victoria, a widespread stratiform style of gold enrichment in Palaeozoic black mudstone and chert-clearly different from the classic mesothermal quartz vein deposits of the Victorian goldfields - has been confirmed by whole-rock geochemistry and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). This enrichment pre-dates compaction, deformation and low-grade metamorphism of the sedimentary host-rocks, and therefore possibly developed diagenetically during slow deposition of the thin carbonaceous black mudstone beds and the thinner layers of chert. These paired strata have been documented at many locations in three regional outcrop areas of chevronfolded&#13;
Cambrian and Lower Ordovician metasediments in the Stawell and Bendigo Zones, where they are interbedded with quartz-rich turbidites. The layers were named 'indicators' by the early miners, who found locally rich nuggety gold deposits at intersections between these layers and mesothermal quartz&#13;
veins. Gold is present in euhedral pyrite crystals in both black shale and chert. LA-ICPMS analysis of individual pyrite crystals in the indicator beds shows that pyrite is enriched in Au, As, Sb, Se, Te and Bi.&#13;
The Au content of pyrite varies from 0.03 to 2.69 ppm with a mean of 0.58 ppm and shows a positive correlation with As, which varies from 1000 to 6000 ppm. Many pyrite crystals show enrichment of gold in their cores and depletion in their rims, confirming the likely syngenetic or syndiagenetic accumulation of gold during pyrite formation in the sediments. Prior to regional metamorphism, folding and faulting, the many indicator strata in the outcrop areas were parts of an extensive marine sequence of Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician age. The former primary source of this mineralisation is considered to have been one or more contemporaneously exhalative submarine hydrothermal systems. Thus, the older Palaeozoic sediments of the western Lachlan Fold Belt were significantly enriched in syngenetic gold in the Early Palaeozoic, at least 40 million years before emplacement of the quartz -gold vein deposits of the goldfields.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">SEDEX gold, Victorian Goldfield, Bendigo, Ballarat, LA-ICPMS, Orogenic gold, pyrite chemistry, indicator beds</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/260000.html">260000 Earth Sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">1302</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Mrs Katrina Keep</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">05 Jul 2007</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=1302;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=1302">item control page</a></p>
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